Toxicity and risk of plant-produced alkaloids to Daphnia magna
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract Background Many plants contain phytotoxic alkaloids to deter herbivorous pests and grazing animals. Alkaloids include quinolizidine indole found in the lupin ( Lupinus spp.), an ornamental flower emerging protein crop, as well pyrrolizidine ragwort Senecio jacobaea ), invasive, weed-like flower. When lupins ragworts are present large densities fields, there is a concern that may leach into freshwater environments amounts affect non-target organisms, such Daphnia magna . This study aimed investigate (i) acute toxicity of (gramine, heliotrine, lupanine, lupinine, monocrotaline, monocrotaline N-oxide, senecionine sparteine) D. , (ii) contribution these individual plant extract toxicity, (iii) longer term reproductive effects representative alkaloid, sparteine, conclude with (iv) tentative risk assessment for sum measured soil surface waters. Results The exhibited 48 h EC 50 values range 5.6 > 100 mg/L. angustifolius was 1.38 mg/L, which far more toxic than simulated where lethality < 10% at 10 mg/L after h. Hence, non-measured compounds have contributed joint toxicity. Daphnid mothers exposed 2.5 sparteine produced significantly fewer smaller offspring during 21-day exposure, making chronic occur concentrations approximately 10-fold lower sparteine. cumulated drain, running pond waters showed potential risk, particularly stagnant water, were severalfold higher drain Conclusions results highlight natural toxins contribute poor chemical quality waters, from upcoming crops or invasive weeds should be considered aquatic assessments.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Environmental Sciences Europe
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2190-4715', '2190-4707']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00452-0